Pigmentation & Redness: Every Guide

Pigmentation and redness:
every guide on this site

Medically reviewed by Dr Sin Yong · Last reviewed 1 November 2026 · 4 min read

This page is an index. For pigmentation treatment by type, start with pigmentation treatment in Singapore; for which laser removes which pigment, see laser pigmentation removal.

Published 13 October 2026 · Reviewed by Dr Sin Yong

Pigment & redness — illustrative model, not a patient

This hub lists every page on drsinyong.com about pigment and redness: melasma, sun spots, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, freckles, Hori’s naevus, rosacea and broken vessels. The protocol Dr Sin Yong uses for pigment with a redness component is R2T2: R2 Glow calms the inflammation that keeps producing pigment, and T2 Frax Radiance is directed at the deposit. Melasma starts with R2 Glow alone or with no laser at all.

Key facts

R2 Glow: Long-pulsed 755 nm + 1064 nm, non-ablative, directed at UV-driven inflammation
T2 Frax Radiance: DEKA TORO 785 nm picosecond with a thermal mode, directed at deposited pigment
Melasma: Sun protection and medical treatment first; laser, if any, begins with R2 Glow alone
Skin types: Planned for Fitzpatrick III–V

Start here: which pigmentation guide answers your question

Pick the row closest to your question. Each one points to the page to read first and the page to read next, and the last column says what decides the route. Diagnosis comes before any laser, so the first page is usually about the mark, not the machine.

Your question	Start with	Then read	What decides the route
I am not sure what the brown patch is	brown patches on the face	pigmentation treatment Singapore	Melasma, sun spots, post-inflammatory marks and freckles look alike; diagnosis comes before any laser
Symmetrical patches that darken with sun and keep returning	melasma treatment	melasma aftercare	Sun protection and medical treatment come first; laser, if any, begins with R2 Glow alone
Dark marks left after acne	post-acne marks (PIH)	red acne marks (PIE)	Brown marks are pigment and red marks are vessels, so they are treated differently
Discrete sun spots or freckles	sun spots and freckles	pigmentation removal	The laser is matched to the pigment and to the layer it sits in
Redness, flushing or visible veins	rosacea and facial redness	facial thread veins	Rosacea, perioral dermatitis and thread veins need different plans
Darker skin and worried about laser	laser for dark skin	pico laser for dark skin	Wavelength, settings and a test patch are chosen for the skin type

Pigment types: where each is explained

Diagram of the depth at which different types of facial pigment sit in the skin — Illustrative diagram, not to scale.

Pigmentation treatment in SingaporeEvery type of brown, matched to the layer and the option.Laser pigmentation removalWhich laser removes which pigment, and the darkening risk.Melasma treatmentWhy melasma is controlled rather than removed.Sun spotsSharp-edged spots from cumulative sun exposure.PIH treatmentDark marks left after acne or irritation.Freckles removalWhy freckles return, and what lightens them.Hori's naevusDeep cheek pigment often mistaken for melasma.

Newer pigmentation and redness guides, October 2026

These pages were added to the pigmentation and redness section in October 2026. Each one answers a narrower question than the guides listed further down, and each links back to the page that owns its topic.

Pigmentation removal: which laser is matched to which pigment, from spots to inflamed tone to raised lesions.
Laser for dark skin: which lasers are used with more care in Fitzpatrick IV to VI skin, and why test patches matter.
Nd:YAG laser: what the 1064 nm wavelength does, and where it is used for hair, veins and laser toning.
Pico laser for dark skin: why fluence matters more than the device, how PIH risk is managed, and who should wait.
Pico laser: what to expect: pausing retinoids, the test patch, the visit in words and the review.
Melasma aftercare: the sun and heat rules, the topical schedule and the rebound signs to report.
Birthmark removal: which birthmarks a laser can reach, and which are seen by a specialist first.
LaseMD vs pico laser vs R2 Glow: three lasers for pigment and tone, three different targets, and why melasma differs.
BBL vs IPL vs pico laser: a filtered lamp, a lamp and a laser, and why a lamp needs caution on Asian skin.
Excel V vs Vbeam vs yellow laser: three wavelengths aimed at blood, for redness, vessels and red acne marks.

Pigment concerns

Melasma — Symmetrical brown patches on the cheeks, forehead or upper lip that darken with sun and keep returning: melasma explained in depth —…
Brown Patches on the Face — Brown patches on the face may be melasma, sun spots, post-inflammatory marks or freckles; diagnosis comes before any laser.…
Post-Acne Marks (PIH) — Dark marks left behind by acne, insect bites, eczema or procedures: PIH explained — why Asian skin is prone, epidermal vs dermal…
Sun Spots & Freckles — Discrete brown spots on the cheeks, temples and hands: solar lentigines explained — how they differ from melasma, why they respond so well…
Hori’s Naevus (ABNOM) — Hori's naevus (ABNOM) is dermal cheek pigment often mistaken for melasma: why creams fail, how it is told apart, which wavelengths reach…
Dark Underarms — Underarm darkening often comes from shaving, friction or deodorant reactions, and can flag insulin resistance. The causes and the…

Redness and vessels

Rosacea & Facial Redness — Rosacea vs acne, perioral dermatitis and Demodex: how each looks, its triggers, what helps, what makes it worse, and why a diagnosis comes…
Facial Thread Veins — Vbeam and other vascular lasers for red veins on the face: how pulsed dye, KTP, long-pulsed Nd:YAG and IPL seal thread veins, and who tends…
Red Acne Marks (PIE) — Acne PIE is the flat red mark left after a pimple heals: dilated vessels, not pigment. How to tell PIE from brown PIH and what vascular…
Perioral Dermatitis — Small red bumps around the mouth, nose or eyes that flare every time you stop the steroid cream? Perioral dermatitis explained: causes, the…
Leg Veins — Bulging rope veins vs fine spider veins: chronic venous disease explained — the CEAP spectrum, when legs need a vascular…

Skin and lasers

R2T2 — R2T2 is Dr Sin Yong’s name for running his two tone protocols as one plan. R2 Glow uses long-pulsed 755 nm alexandrite and 1064 nm Nd:YAG…
FSX Laser — FSX Laser is Dr Sin Yong's Flawless Smooth Skin protocol in Singapore, using 1540 nm and 1927 nm wavelengths for pores, texture, fine lines…
Luminescence Laser — Skin tightening Singapore — Luminescence laser for skin, scar & hair. Dr Sin Yong, Orchard Road. WhatsApp +65 8023…
R2 Glow Laser — R2 Glow Laser Singapore — a non-ablative long-pulsed laser directed at the inflammation behind dull, uneven tone. Dr Sin Yong, Orchard…
Pico Laser — What picosecond laser does for sun spots, freckles and texture in Singapore, why pigment can darken afterwards in Asian skin, and who…
T2 Frax Radiance — Pico laser for pores in Singapore: what picosecond and thermal modes can and cannot do for pores, texture and pigment, and how T2 Frax…
少女光 Laser — 少女光 laser in Singapore with Dr Sin Yong: the DEKA RedTouch Pro at 675 nm, absorbed by collagen rather than water, used for redness, pores…
Alexandrite Laser — Long-pulsed 755 nm Alexandrite laser in Singapore by Dr Sin Yong — laser hair removal and selected pigmented…
Laser Toning — Skin brightening treatment in Singapore with laser toning: low-fluence 1064 nm Nd:YAG for uneven tone, PIH and melasma, and why it is not…
Melasma Treatment — Melasma is managed, not cured: diagnosis, heat and light control, daily photoprotection and cautious staged care. Doctor-performed, Orchard…
Pore Reduction — Enlarged pores treatment in Singapore, honestly framed: nothing shrinks a pore permanently, but lasers and skin care can refine…
Laser Hair Removal — Laser hair removal reduces regrowth by heating pigmented hair follicles; 755 nm or 1064 nm is chosen by skin type. Doctor-performed,…
Tattoo Removal — How laser tattoo removal works in Singapore: ink colours and wavelengths, why treatment is staged, skin type and pigment change, risks and…
Mole Removal — Mole Removal Singapore: every mole is scoped with a dermatoscope first. ABCDE warning signs, red moles, removal options and when histology…
Acne Treatment — Acne treatment starts with grading: comedonal, inflammatory or cystic. Dr Sin Yong explains the ladder from skincare to prescription to…
Back Acne Treatment — Bacne treatment starts with telling acne from fungal folliculitis, because they need different medicines. Doctor-performed, Orchard…

Frequently Asked Questions

R2T2, his combined laser protocol: R2 Glow for the inflammation that drives pigment, T2 Frax Radiance for the deposit. The map of the pigment under polarised light at the first visit decides whether both halves, one half or no laser is used.

Cautiously. Melasma starts with sun protection and medical treatment; if laser is used at all it begins with R2 Glow alone, because aggressive laser can darken melasma.

Speak With Dr Sin Yong

1WhatsApp a short note on your concern

2Consultation and assessment with Dr Sin Yong

3Options explained, including no treatment

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Pigmentation and redness:every guide on this site